Dr. Bruce R. Barkstrom Radiation Sciences Branch NASA Langley Research Center
_____________________________________________________________________ | Contact 1 | Contact 2 | ______________|__________________________|___________________________| 2.3.1 Name |Mr. Edwin F. Harrison |Dr. Bruce R. Barkstrom | 2.3.2 Address |Mail Stop 420 |Mail Stop 420 | |Radiation Sciences Branch |Radiation Sciences Branch | |NASA/LaRC |NASA/LaRC | City/St.|Hampton, VA |Hampton, VA | Zip Code|23681-0001 |23681-0001 | 2.3.3 Tel. |(804) 864-5663 |(804) 864-5656 | 2.3.4 Email |e.f.harrison@larc.nasa.gov|b.r.barkstrom@larc.nasa.gov| ______________|__________________________|___________________________| _______________________________________ | Contact 3 | ______________|________________________| 2.3.1 Name |Mr. David F. Young | 2.3.2 Address |Lockheed Engineering | |& Sciences Co. | |144 Research Drive | City/St.|Hampton, VA | Zip Code|23666 | 2.3.3 Tel. |(804) 766-9674 | 2.3.4 Email |d.f.young@larc.nasa.gov | ______________|________________________| 2.4 Requested Form of Acknowledgment. Please cite the following publication when these data are used: Barkstrom, B. R., E. F. Harrison, and R. B. Lee, 1990. Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, Preliminary seasonal results. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 71, February 27. 3. INTRODUCTION 3.1 Objective/Purpose. The goals of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) are (1) to understand the radiation balance between the Sun, Earth, atmosphere, and space and (2) to establish an accurate, long-term baseline data set for detection of climate changes. Earth radiation budget (ERB) data are fundamental to the development of realistic climate models and to the understanding of natural and anthropogenic perturbations of the climate system. As part of ERBE, measurements of broadband shortwave radiation reflected from the Earth-atmosphere system were obtained, from which albedo values were calculated. In addition, values from scenes determined to be free of clouds were analyzed separately and clear-sky albedos were derived. 3.2 Summary of Parameters. For this study, only the clear-sky albedos are included. 3.3 Discussion. Clear-sky albedos were obtained from the scanning radiometer instruments on Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. For details on the ERBE satellites, instruments, and data analysis techniques, the user is referred to Barkstrom et al. (1990), Harrison et al. (1990), and Harrison et al. (1993). 4. THEORY OF MEASUREMENTS The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) is the first Earth radiation budget instrument flown simultaneously on multiple satellites to provide the necessary temporal sampling for studying the diurnal variations of regional broadband radiative parameters over the Earth. Identical ERBE instruments were launched on a dedicated NASA satellite (the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, ERBS) by the Space Shuttle Challenger in October 1984, and two NOAA operational satellites launched in December 1984 and November 1986. The high- resolution ERBE scanning radiometers were used to determine regional scale radiative parameters. The ERBS obtained 5 years of scanner data; each of the NOAA satellites provided about 2 years of scanner data. The ERBE data processing system performs three major tasks: (1) Converts telemetry data to calibrated radiation measurements at the instruments. (2) Relates the satellite measurements to radiative flux at the top of the Earth's atmosphere using angular dependence models (Smith et al., 1986). (3) Averages the measurements over various space and time scales (Brooks et al., 1986). The ERBE scanners observe pixels with a nadir size of 35-50 km depending on the satellite. Each 2.5 x 2.5 degree grid box of the original ERBE data contained approximately 100 pixels. These pixels are classified as four types: clear, partly cloudy, mostly cloudy, and overcast. A maximum likelihood estimation technique is used to identify cloud-free scenes (Wielicki and Green, 1989). Clear-sky radiative fluxes at each hour in a grid box are calculated as the averaged fluxes of the clear pixels, which are converted from radiance measurements through the ERBE angular-directional models (Suttles et al., 1988). 5.0 EQUIPMENT 5.1 Instrument Description. The ERBE scanner (Kopia, 1986) has three spectral channels, 0.2-5.0 m (SW), 5-50 m (LW), and 0.2-50 m (total), to provide consistency checks and redundancy. The scanner spatial resolution at nadir, the point on the Earth directly below the spacecraft, is about 40 km. The ERBE scanner is accurate, well calibrated, and stable. 5.1.1 Platform. ERBE scanning radiometers were flown on three satellites: ERBS in a 57-deg inclined orbit and NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 in sun synchronous orbits at 14:30 and 07:30 equatorial crossing times, respectively. 5.1.2 Mission Objectives. The goal of ERBE is to understand the radiation balance between the sun, earth, atmosphere, and space, and to establish an accurate baseline data set for detection of climate changes. 5.1.3 Key Variables. Not applicable. 5.1.4 Principles of Operation. Not applicable. 5.1.5 Instrument Measurement Geometry. The ERBE scanner operates in a cross track mode, covering viewing zenith angles from nadir to the limb. In the processing, only viewing zenith angles less than 70 degrees are considered. 5.1.6 Manufacturer of Instrument. TRW, Redondo Beach, CA. 5.2 Calibration. Ground calibration sources consist of a reference blackbody and an integrating sphere in a vacuum chamber. In flight, an internal blackbody, evacuated tungsten lamps, and observations of the Sun are used to check the stability and precision of the instruments. 5.2.1 Specifications. Not available at this revision. 5.2.1.1 Tolerance. Not available at this revision. 5.2.2 Frequency of Calibration. Not available at this revision. 5.2.3 Other Calibration Information. Not available at this revision. 6. PROCEDURE 6.1 Data Acquisition Methods. The ERBE scanner data are available from the Langley Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) as well as the National Space Science Data Center in Greenbelt, MD. 6.2 Spatial Characteristics. ERBS scanner data coverage is from 70S to 70N latitude. The NOAA satellites have complete global coverage. The original ERBE albedo data had a spatial resolution of 2.5 x 2.5 degree latitude/longitude grid; individual measurements have a resolution of about 40 km at nadir. For this CD-ROM, the Goddard DAAC has mapped the data onto a 1 degree equal angle lat/lon grid (see section 9.3.1 for details). 6.2.1 Spatial Coverage. The coverage is global. Data in file are ordered from North to South and from West to East beginning at 180 degrees West and 90 degrees North. Point (1,1) represents the grid cell centered at 89.5 N and 179.5 W (see section 8.4). 6.2.2 Spatial Resolution. The data are given in an equal-angle lat/long grid that has a spatial resolution of 1 x 1 degree lat/long. 6.3 Temporal Characteristics. 6.3.1 Temporal Coverage. January 1987 through December 1988. 6.3.2 Temporal Resolution. Monthly mean. 7. OBSERVATIONS 7.1 Field Notes. Not applicable. 8. DATA DESCRIPTION 8.1 Table Definition with Comments. Not applicable to these data. 8.2 Type of Data. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 8.2.1 | | | | |Parameter/Variable Name | | | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | 8.2.2 | 8.2.3 | 8.2.4 | 8.2.5 | | |Parameter/Variable Description |Range |Units |Source | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |ERBE_ALB | | | | | |Clear sky albedo derived from ERBE |min = 0., |[unit- |ERBE | | |data. Albedo is the fraction of |max = 1., |less]* | | | |incident solar radiation that a |fill = -99.00 | | | | |surface reflects. | | | | | | | | | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Albedo Units are non-dimensional, a fraction between 0 and 1. 8.3 Sample Data Base Data Record. Not applicable. 8.4 Data Format. The CD-ROM file format is ASCII, and consists of numerical fields of varying length, which are space delimited and arranged in columns and rows. Each column contains 180 numerical values and each row contain 360 numerical values. Grid arrangement ARRAY(I,J) I = 1 IS CENTERED AT 179.5W I INCREASES EASTWARD BY 1 DEGREE J = 1 IS CENTERED AT 89.5N J INCREASES SOUTHWARD BY 1 DEGREE 90N - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - | (1,1) | (2,1) | (3,1) | 89N - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - | (1,2) | (2,2) | (3,2) | 88N - | - - - | - - - | - - - | - - | (1,3) | (2,3) | (3,3) | 87N - | - - - | - - - | - - - | 180W 179W 178W 177W ARRAY(360,180) 8.5 Related Data Sets. ISCCP-C1 data. 9. DATA MANIPULATIONS 9.1 Formulas. For details of the ERBE data processing algorithm, the user is referred to Barkstrom and Smith (1986), Smith et al. (1986), Brooks et al. (1986), Suttles et al. (1988, 1989), and the ERBE S4 User's Guide which is on- line at the Langley DAAC. (userserv@eosdis.larc.nasa.gov) 9.1.1 Derivation Techniques/Algorithms. Clear-sky albedo is calculated from ERBE measurements. For a clear-sky shortwave measurement, the clear-sky albedo is defined as the ratio of the outgoing shortwave to the incoming solar flux. For that day, clear-sky albedos at other hours are filled in using the ERBE directional models. Using only the days with clear-sky measurements, the monthly average clear-sky albedo is determined. The data are mapped onto a 1 x 1 degree grid for this data set. 9.2 Data Processing Sequence. Top-of-atmosphere monthly mean albedo is derived from shortwave (0.2-5 m) radiances measured by the ERBE scanners (Kopia, 1986) on the ERBS and NOAA-9 spacecraft. 9.2.1 Processing Steps and Data Sets. See Barkstrom and Smith (1986) and Barkstrom et al. (1989). 9.2.2 Processing Changes. This is the first version of this data set. 9.3 Calculations. 9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments. Below is a description of the re-gridding process done by the Goddard DAAC: Physical Lay Out of Original Data: These data were subset from the GEDEX CD. Resulting Input data consisted of two files, with each file containing one year worth of data. Within each file the data were arranged with one data value and corresponding time, latitude, and longitude per line. Logical Lay Out of Original Data: These data were on a 2.5 x 2.5 degree grid, with the data starting at 0 longitude, 90 latitude and progressing eastward, and then southward to 360 longitude, -90 latitude. The data at the poles consisted of only one grid value. All other latitude bands consisted of a grid value every 2.5 degrees. Processing Steps done by the Goddard DAAC: Regrid each latitude and longitude band of data by implementing the following steps: 1) Replicated every data value in each latitude band 360 times, assigning them to a temporary array. Each of the original latitude bands had 144 data values, which replicated 360 times produces a temporary array of 51840 data values for that latitude band. 2) The first 144 (temporary array) data values are summed and then divided by the number (144) of original latitude band values. This was repeated 359 more times, for every 144 (temporary array) data values, in affect performing a linear interpolation of the data within the latitude band. 3) Step 1 and 2 were repeated until all latitude bands have been interpolated. 4) A test for fill value occurrence was performed. If fill value constitutes 50 % or more of contributing values then assign a fill value to that grid cell, otherwise compute the average data value for grid cell from only those points constituting data values. When assigning fill values, a new fill value was used, as the existing one was extremely large. 5) The same method, discussed above, was used for regridding each longitude band of data, except that the number of replications was 180. Utilizing the same test for fill value mentioned above, and the same fill substitution. 6) The resulting array of data values were then split and shifted from 0 longitude -> 360 longitude to -180 longitude -> 180 longitude. 7) These data were then flipped from -180 longitude, -90 latitude to -180 longitude, 90 latitude. 9.4 Graphs and Plots. Not available at this revision. 10. ERRORS 10.1 Sources of Error. Errors in clear-sky albedo come from cloud contamination of the scene, instrument errors, sampling errors, and uncertainties in models used in processing. 10.2 Quality Assessment. 10.2.1 Data Validation by Source. The ERBE clear-sky albedo values are validated by comparison with data from other satellite and aircraft observations of clear scenes. 10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment. The user is referred to Harrison et al. (1990) for a discussion of ERBE error sources. 10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters and Variables. Random error is about 0.01. Values may also be overestimated slightly due to cloud contamination. (See Harrison et al., 1990). 10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessment Applied. Not available at this revision. 11. NOTES 11.1 Known Problems with the data. There are no known data gaps or other problems. 11.2 Usage Guidance. Errors in the polar regions may be larger than those quoted in Sec. 10 due to the inability to reliably distinguish between clouds and snow. 11.3 Other Relevant Information. The clear sky albedos, estimated from ERBE, generally are a little higher than albedos calculated for a molecular atmosphere with best estimates of surface albedos (over the oceans surface albedos are low and fairly well known). Some of this difference is likely due to aerosols effect not included in the calculation and some due to the fact that ERBE may designate scenes as clear when they have a small amount of subpixel cloudiness in their view. 12. REFERENCES 12.1 Satellite/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation Barkstrom, B. R., 1984. The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 65:1170-1185. Barkstrom, B. R. and G. L. Smith, 1986. The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment: Science and implementation. Rev. Geophys., 24:379-390. Barkstrom, B. R., E. Harrison, G. Smith, R. Green, J. Kibler, R. Cess, and the ERBE Science Team, 1989. Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) archival and April 1985 results. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 70:1254-1262. Brooks, D. R., E. F. Harrison, P. Minnis, J. T. Suttles, and R. S. Kandel, 1986. Development of algorithms for understanding the temporal and spatial variability of the Earth's radiation balance. Rev. Geophys., 24:422-438. Harrison, E. F., P. Minnis, and G. G. Gibson, 1983. Orbital and cloud cover sampling analyses for multisatellite Earth radiation budget experiments. J. Spacecraft and Rockets, 20:491- 495. Kopia, L. P., 1986. Earth Radiation Budget Experiment scanner instrument. Rev. Geophys., 24:400-406. Smith, G. L., R. N. Green, E. Raschke, L. M. Avis, J. T. Suttles, B. A. Wielicki, and R. Davies. 1986. Inversion methods for satellite studies of the Earth's radiation budget: Development of algorithms for the ERBE mission. Rev. Geophys., 24:407-421. Suttles, J. T., R. N. Green, P. Minnis, G. L. Smith, W. F. Staylor, B. A. Wielicki, I. J. Walker, D. F. Young, V. R. Taylor, and L. L. Stowe, 1988. Angular radiation models for Earth-atmosphere system, vol. I, Shortwave radiation. NASA RP-1184. Wielicki, B. A. and R. N. Green, 1989. Cloud identification for ERBE radiative flux retrieval. J. Appl. Meteorol., 28:1133-1146. 12.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports Barkstrom, B. R., E. F. Harrison, and R. B. Lee, 1990. Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, Preliminary seasonal results. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 71, February 27. Harrison, E. F., Minnis, P., Barkstrom, B. R., and Gibson, G. G.: Radiation Budget at the Top of the Atmosphere. Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Change, Edited by R. J. Gurney, J. L. Foster, and C. L. Parkinson, Cambridge University Press, London, 1993. Harrison, E. F., P. Minnis, B. R. Barkstrom, V. Ramanathan, R. D. Cess, and G. G. Gibson, 1990a. Seasonal variation of cloud radiative forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 95:18687-18703. Ramanathan, V., B. R. Barkstrom, and E. F. Harrison, 1989a. Climate and the Earth's radiation budget. Physics Today, May, 22-32. Ramanathan, V., R. D. Cess, E. F. Harrison, P. Minnis, B. R. Barkstrom, E. Ahmad, and D. Hartmann, 1989b. Cloud-radiative forcing and climate: Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. Science, 243:57-63. Zhang, M. H., R. D. Cess, T. Y. Kwon, and M. H. Chen, 1994. Approaches of comparison for clear-sky radiative fluxes from general circulation models with Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data. J. Geophys. Res., 99:5515-5523. 12.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation. Contact the EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt Maryland (see Section 13 below). Documentation about using the archive or information about access to the on-line information system is available through the GSFC DAAC User Services Office. 13. DATA ACCESS 13.1 Contacts for Archive/Data Access Information. GSFC DAAC User Services NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Code 902.2 Greenbelt, MD 20771 Phone: (301) 286-3209 Fax: (301) 286-1775 Internet: daacuso@eosdata.gsfc.nasa.gov 13.2 Archive Identification. Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 902.2 Greenbelt, MD 20771 Telephone: (301) 286-3209 FAX: (301) 286-1775 Internet: daacuso@eosdata.gsfc.nasa.gov 13.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data. Users may place requests by accessing the on-line system, by sending letters, electronic mail, FAX, telephone, or personal visit. Accessing the GSFC DAAC Online System: The GSFC DAAC Information Management System (IMS) allows users to ordering data sets stored on-line. The system is open to the public. Access Instructions: Node name: daac.gsfc.nasa.gov Node number: 192.107.190.139 Login example: telnet daac.gsfc.nasa.gov Username: daacims password: gsfcdaac You will be asked to register your name and address during your first session. Ordering CD-ROMs: To order CD-ROMs (available through the Goddard DAAC) users should contact the Goddard DAAC User Support Office (see section 13.2). 13.4 GSFC DAAC Status/Plans. The ISLSCP Initiative I CD-ROM is available from the Goddard DAAC. 14. OUTPUT PRODUCTS AND AVAILABILITY 14.1 Tape Products. Not available at this revision. 14.2 Film Products. Not available at this revision. 14.3 Other Products. Not available at this revision. 15. GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS CD-ROM Compact Disk (optical) Read Only Memory DAAC Distributed Active Archive Center EOS Earth Observing System ERBE Earth Radiation Budget Experiment ERBS Earth Radiation Budget Satellite GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center ISCCP International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project ISLSCP International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project LaRC Langley Research Center NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration